Summary about Disease
Allergic rhinitis, commonly known as hay fever, is an inflammation of the nasal passages caused by an allergic reaction to airborne allergens like pollen, dust mites, mold, or animal dander. It's a common condition that can significantly impact quality of life, leading to symptoms like sneezing, runny nose, congestion, and itchy eyes. It's not an infection and is not contagious.
Symptoms
Common symptoms of allergic rhinitis include:
Sneezing
Runny nose (rhinorrhea)
Nasal congestion
Itchy nose, eyes, throat, or skin
Watery eyes
Postnasal drip
Cough
Fatigue
Headache (less common)
Causes
Allergic rhinitis is caused by an allergic reaction to airborne allergens. The immune system identifies these allergens as harmful and releases histamine and other chemicals, leading to inflammation and symptoms. Common triggers include:
Pollen (trees, grasses, weeds)
Dust mites
Mold spores
Animal dander (cat, dog)
Cockroach allergens
Medicine Used
Medications used to treat allergic rhinitis include:
Antihistamines: Block the effects of histamine. (e.g., loratadine, cetirizine, fexofenadine, diphenhydramine).
Decongestants: Reduce nasal congestion. (e.g., pseudoephedrine, oxymetazoline). Use with caution, especially for extended periods.
Nasal corticosteroids: Reduce inflammation in the nasal passages. (e.g., fluticasone, mometasone, budesonide).
Cromolyn sodium: Prevents the release of histamine.
Leukotriene inhibitors: Block the action of leukotrienes, chemicals that contribute to allergic inflammation. (e.g., montelukast).
Allergy immunotherapy (allergy shots or sublingual tablets): Gradually desensitizes the immune system to specific allergens.
Is Communicable
No, allergic rhinitis is not communicable. It is not caused by an infection and cannot be spread from person to person.
Precautions
Precautions to minimize allergic rhinitis symptoms include:
Avoid allergens: Identify and avoid triggers as much as possible.
Keep windows closed: Especially during high pollen seasons.
Use air conditioning: With a HEPA filter.
Wash bedding frequently: In hot water.
Vacuum regularly: Use a vacuum with a HEPA filter.
Shower and change clothes: After being outdoors.
Monitor pollen counts: And plan outdoor activities accordingly.
Use nasal saline rinses: To clear nasal passages.
Consider allergy testing: to identify specific triggers.
How long does an outbreak last?
The duration of an allergic rhinitis "outbreak" (period of symptoms) depends on the allergen and exposure. Seasonal allergies (e.g., pollen) last for the duration of the pollen season. Perennial allergies (e.g., dust mites, mold, pet dander) can cause symptoms year-round, with flare-ups depending on exposure levels. If exposure is minimized, the flare-up will subside.
How is it diagnosed?
Allergic rhinitis is typically diagnosed based on:
Medical history: Including symptoms and potential allergen exposures.
Physical exam: Examining the nasal passages for signs of inflammation.
Allergy testing: Skin prick tests or blood tests (RAST or ImmunoCAP) to identify specific allergens.
Timeline of Symptoms
The onset of symptoms is usually rapid after exposure to an allergen, often within minutes. Symptoms may persist as long as the exposure continues. Seasonal allergies will resolve after the season or relocation and perennial allergies will persist untill exposure is minimized.
Important Considerations
Allergic rhinitis can impact sleep and daily activities.
It can worsen asthma symptoms.
Long-term nasal decongestant use can lead to rebound congestion.
Untreated allergic rhinitis can lead to sinus infections, ear infections, or nasal polyps.
Allergy immunotherapy is a long-term treatment option that can reduce sensitivity to allergens.
Consult a healthcare professional for diagnosis and management.